“No queremos agrónomos enciclopedistas, necesitamos agrónomos que cambien la realidad”
Lo afirmó el decano Golluscio en referencia a los profesionales que necesita el agro al 2030.
Frente a un mundo que está cambiando, donde el petróleo es la fuente de energía principal pero no es infinito ni renovable; los recursos naturales renovables son utilizados con una tasa mayor que la de renovación; donde la superficie apta para las actividades agropecuarias es finita; el uso irracional de agroquímicos puede contaminar y dañar la salud humana; el clima cambia; la población mundial aumenta y el perfil de consumo se transforma; cabe preguntarse ¿Con qué escenario se encontrarán los futuros egresados de la Facultad de Agronomía?.
En diálogo con Agronomía Informa el decano de la FAUBA, Ing. Agr. Rodolfo Golluscio contó cómo será el mundo que deberán afrontar los estudiantes cuando egresen; cuál es la mirada de la Facultad respecto a la sustentabilidad; opinó sobre su visión de la agroecología y la utilización de agroquímicos, y dijo cuáles serán los profesionales que necesitará el agro al 2030.
-¿De qué hablamos cuando hablamos de sustentabilidad?
-Sin duda el eje de las misiones y funciones de la Facultad es la sustentabilidad. Pero es un concepto que todo el mundo repite y es mucho más complejo de lo que pensamos cuando hay que llevarlo a la práctica. La sustentabilidad tiene varias dimensiones: una ambiental, una social y una económica. Una propuesta puede ser muy sustentable desde lo ambiental pero si el que la tiene que implementar pierde dinero, no la adopta. Cuando nosotros estudiábamos se hablaba de la siembra directa como una práctica conservacionista que era muy buena para mantener la estructura de los suelos pero muy pocos la adoptaban porque no era “negocio”. Ahora todo el mundo la aplica porque está dentro de un paquete rentable.
También tiene una dimensión macroeconómica: una alternativa puede ser muy sustentable a nivel ambiental pero no ser conveniente para el país o la región.
Además, aparte de las dimensiones hay distintas escalas, tanto temporales como espaciales. Una alternativa puede ser sustentable ahora pero si uno la proyecta por años o siglos, deja de serlo. O bien, algo puede ser muy sustentable a la escala de sitio o de potrero o de establecimiento pero no serlo para una región, el país o el planeta.
-¿Serán posibles los sistemas de producción que satisfagan simultáneamente todas esas dimensiones y escalas?
-Es tan complejo lo de la sustentabilidad que a mí me parece que no, entonces hay que asumirlo, elegir y diseñar las alternativas que contemplen la mayor parte de esas dimensiones y escalas, y priorizar.
-¿Por qué haces un análisis de los profesionales que necesita el agro al 2030?
-Cuando yo estudié en la Facultad me enseñaron las cosas que se hacían en ese momento y cuando arranqué a trabajar como ingeniero agrónomo todo eso ya no me servía. Teniendo en cuenta las escalas temporales, de acá a 30 años, hay muchas cosas que van a cambiar. Pensemos que el egresado de cualquiera de las carreras de la Facultad que salga en los próximos 5 años va a tener que enfrentarse a un mundo que está cambiando. Por ejemplo, en mi época como estudiante, en los 80, la soja era un cultivo exótico, autóctono de la China. Actualmente la soja es nuestra principal exportación agropecuaria porque China la necesita para alimentar su ganado desde el año 2000.
-¿Y qué lugar ocupará la agroecología?
-Por ahora la agroecología es en muchos casos una “bandera de militancia”, en contra de los agroquímicos por ejemplo. Pero a mí me parece que la agroecología es una ciencia que nos tiene que ayudar a diseñar sistemas de producción distintos a los que tenemos ahora, que usen los recursos naturales renovables y no renovables lo más racionalmente posible, minimicen el uso de agroquímicos y arraiguen población en el interior del país pero, al mismo tiempo, permitan dar de comer a todos los argentinos y seguir generando generosos saldos exportables. Como Facultad debemos encararla como lo que es: una ciencia, no una cuestión de militancia.
-Entonces… ¿Qué se debería promover desde la Universidad, particularmente desde la FAUBA?
-El uso de la energía no proveniente del petróleo: los biocombustibles, por ejemplo. Reemplazar los subsidios de energía basados en petróleo con otros que se pueden lograr por vía biológica. Preservar los recursos naturales renovables, ya quecuando se agotan el sistema pierde capacidad de producción y eso está ocurriendo ahora. Pongo el ejemplo del monocultivo: trae consecuencias negativas, plagas y malezas cada vez más resistentes. Para eso, en nuestra Facultad hay personas que están trabajando sobre la rotación de los cultivos que si bien viene desde hace mucho tiempo, ahora hay que redescubrirla.
-¿Cuál es tu opinión respecto a los agroquímicos?
-Con esto de los agroquímicos a mí me gustaría ser claro: Argentina necesita divisas y la fuente de las divisas es la agricultura extensiva. Dentro de lo que es agricultura extensiva no parece factible mantener sistemas de producción económicamente viables micro y macro si no se aplican agroquímicos. La agroecología en su estado actual de desarrollo es una alternativa que tiene un gran potencial a nivel de la producción intensiva. Espontáneamente los cultivos se llenan de malezas, de insectos, de hongos, y para luchar contra eso hay que usar energía, la cual puede venir de los agroquímicos o de la mano del hombre. A los cultivos extensivos los necesitamos como país, entonces la Universidad y nuestros técnicos tienen que contribuir a hacer un uso racional de los agroquímicos, que tiene que ser el mínimo e indispensable por estas tres razones: (1) la fabricación, el transporte, la conservación y la aplicación gastan petróleo; (2) el uso recurrente genera biotipos de plagas y malezas resistentes; y (3) utilizados incorrectamente pueden dañar la salud de las personas y los ecosistemas.
-En la Facultad se está trabajando sobre las Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas…
-Exactamente, porque somos conscientes de que los agroquímicos son venenos pero los tenemos que usar bien. Como Facultad es necesario determinar científicamente cuáles son las buenas prácticas agrícolas y divulgarlas a la sociedad. No tenemos que tener miedo de descubrir que algún producto de uso corriente es nocivo para la salud, al contrario. Nosotros debemos enviar mensajes claros y fundamentados a la sociedad para que las cosas se hagan bien y tenemos que estar convencidos que podemos.
-¿Cuál es tu receta para que los nuevos agrónomos puedan “cambiar la realidad”?
-Se me viene a la cabeza la frase de Alberto Soriano: “No hay nada más práctico que una buena teoría”. Creo que con una formación enciclopedista sólo se logran agrónomos que repiten lo que les dicen los vendedores de insumos, y nosotros necesitamos agrónomos que puedan generar sistemas de producción distintos a los que tenemos ahora. Y eso se logra con una buena teoría. Nosotros acá estudiamos un montón y sabemos muchas cosas, pero tenemos que ser conscientes de que hay otras que no sabemos, entonces tenemos que tener la humildad de aprender de quien sea. Y buscar la información científica diferenciando la calidad y confiabilidad.
Después, el país necesita profesionales con un profundo conocimiento biológico, agronómico, económico y comercial de los sistemas de producción agropecuaria. Me gustaría que el centro de las motivaciones de nuestros egresados esté en el combate del hambre de nuestro país. Primero en el hambre en nuestro país y después en el hambre en el mundo.
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